Provisions of the Kiram-Bates Agreement

1. The Americans would not interfere to the religious and domestic affairs of the Moros.
2. The right and dignity of the sultan and other Dates shall be fully respected
3. The Americans would pay monthly salary to the Sultans with 250 pesos and to the other datus with 15 pesos.
4. The Americans would give full protection to the Sultan and his subject in case of foreign attack.
5. The Sultan and other datus would cooperate with the Americans in suppressing piracy.
6. The slaves in Sulu shall have right to buy and purchase their freedom by paying their master the usual market value.
7. American sovereignty in Sulu would be acknowledged.

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Stages of Moro-American War during American Regime in the Philippines

Military Occupation (Filipino- American War)

• Capt. John C. Bates was sent to the Moros to neutralized them from the war that is happening in the northern Philippines. This Policy was known as the “Non-Interference Policy” of the Americans.
• At this time the Americans were at good term with the Moros.
• Kiram-Bates Agreement was made possible on March 23, 1901.

Moro Province Period

• The Kiram-Bates Agreement was abrogated.
• Moros were forced to surrender.
• Laws were Implemented Such as the 496: Land Registration Act and 718: Public Land Act.
• Moros resisted the American Policy that resulted to the Moro Battles:

                         o Battle of Budaho
                         o Battle of Bud Bagsak
                         o Battle of Taraka
                         o Battle of Bacolod
                          o Battle of Bayang (Padang Karbala)- the Bloodiest Battle in the Philippine History

• Resistances were defeated.

Department of Mindanao and Sulu
Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes

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American Policies and Changes in Moro Land during the Moro Province

1. The American imposes taxes.
2. The American introduces their laws and concept of Justice.
3. The Americans made slavery illegal.
4. The Americans introduces their new concept of land ownership system.
5. The Americans introduced their system of Education.
6. Extensive Public works and improvements were under taking.
7. Public Health and sanitations such like hospitals were constructed.
8. Agricultural and commerce were expanded.

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Impact of Moro Wars in the Philippines during the Spanish Era

1. Moro wars polarized the Philippines into north and south.
2. Moro wars divided the archipelago into two religious communities, the Christian and the Muslims.
3. The Moro war led the so called Majority and Minority relation.
4. The Moro wars drained the resources of both Moros and Spanish.

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Reasons behind the Success of the American in Subjugating the Moros

1. The Americans had well trained and experienced soldiers.
2. The Americans had an advance and Superior Military Power.
3. AT the time when the American came, the Moros were exhausted in fighting the Spaniards for 333 Years.
4. There was no aid from the other Muslim Nations in South East Asia.
5. In their initial approach, the Americans used diplomacy.

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Impact of Moro Wars in the Philippines during the Spanish Era

1. Moro wars polarized the Philippines into north and south.
2. Moro wars divided the archipelago into two religious communities, the Christian and the Muslims.
3. The Moro war led the so called Majority and Minority relation.
4. The Moro wars drained the resources of both Moros and Spanish.

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People behind the Islamization of MINSUPALA

SULU

1. Tuan Mashaika- he is a religion leader who came to Sulu in the 11^th century. He was able to convert the Sulu ruler.
2. Mahdumin/ Karim Ul Makhdum (13^th Century)- it is said that, this Mahdumin is a group of Muslim who came to Sulu and converted the natives.
3. Raja Baguinda- he had arrived in Sulu in 15^th century from Sumatra. He was married to the daughter of the Sulu Ruler and later on became the Sulu ruler’s successor.
4. Sayyid Abubakar- he arrived also in 15^th century from Palimbang, Sumatra and he was able to meet Raja Baguinda and later on marry his daughter. He also became the Sulu ruler and by his time he introduced the Sultanate System and he became the first SULU SULTAN.

MINDANAO

1. Sarip Kabungsuan- he is from Johore, Malaysia. He first landed to Iliana Bay in Malabang, Lanao del Sur. He married a daughter of Maguindanao Sultan. After his stay in Maguindanao, he came to Butig wherein he married another girl who was a daughter of Butig Sultan.
2. Sarip Alawi

Luzon and Visayas

1. Raja Lakandula
2. Raja Matanda
3. Raja Solaiman

After the coming of Islam in Luzon, the Spaniards came to Luzon particularly in Manila and destroyed the established Islamic faith to the people. At this point the Rajas are weak and were not able to defend their religion due to lack of supporters and armaments. It is unlike in Mindanao area and Sulu that the Spaniards are not able to conquer and convert the Muslims.

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The Theories on the Coming of Islam in MINSUPALA

1. Trade Theory- as we all know Muslims are traders. So in this theory, it is believed that the Islam was brought by the Muslims Traders in Sulu. The Muslim Traders convert the Sulu Ruler and then the follower of the ruler will also be converted. Later on, the Maguindanao and Lanao also are converted.
2. Missionary Theory- it is said in this theory that Islam was brought by the Missionaries with a specific aim, that is to convert the people of MINSUPALA.
3. Political Theory- in this theory, it was believed that when a Muslim came to Sulu, the Muslim tends to be friend to the Ruler and thus converts the ruler. The Muslim tends to be friend with the ruler to gain protection and respect in the place.
4. Economic Theory- Muslims controls the International Trade Route and in that time the Muslims are not to be subjected to pay tax in the trade, thus the Native Rulers aims to participate in the trade, then the ruler and his follower accepts the religion Islam to be able for them to participate in the International Trade with privilege of no requiring to pay tax.
5. Ideological Theory- it is believed in this theory that the people of MINSUPALA willingly accepted the religion Islam because in this religion they have found the missing part of their religion. Also the people of MINSUPALA accepted Islam because they found that in this religion, all of the people are equal.
6. Crusade/Jihad Theory- Muslims and Christians are competing in Jerusalem, thus the Muslims tends to convert more native for them to have more Muslims that will help them defend Jerusalem in the hands of the Christians.

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PAGLALAKBAY SA EUROPA NI DR. JOSE RIZAL (COMPLETE)

PAGLALAKBAY SA EUROPA
Mayo 1, 1882-umalis ng Calamba dala ang halagang P356, lumipat ng sasakyan pagdating ng Biñan, nakarating sa Maynila pagkaraan ng 10 oras ng paglalakbay.
Mayo 3, 1882-Nilisan ang Maynila patungong Singapore sakay ng Bapor Salvadora
Mayo 9, 1882-dumating sa Singapore, tumuloy sa otel La Paz
Mayo 11, 1882-sumakay sa Djemnah (bapor Pranses) patungong Marseilles (France), dinaanan ang Point de Galle, Colombo, Cafe' Guardafui, Aden, tinawid ang Suez Canal ng 5 araw
Hunyo 7, 1882-dumaong sa Port Said, pinuntahan ang Liwasang Lesseps
Hunyo 11, 1882-dumating sa Naples at Sicily, naghulog ng sulat sa bayan ng Mellitus, nakita ang St. Telmo (bilangguan) at Tore ng Mansanello (palasyo royal)
Hunyo 13, 1882-dumaong sa Marseilles, tumira sa Otel Noaillees, nagpunta sa Chateau d'If (pook na kinabibilangguan ng pangunahing tauhan ng nobelang Count of Monte Cristo)
Hunyo 15, 1882-lumulan sa isang de primerang klaseng tren, huminto sandali sa Port Bou at nagpatuloy sa Barcelona

BUHAY SA BARCELONA
Tumuloy sa Fonda de España, hinandugan ng salu-salo ng mga dating kaeskwela sa Ateneo, sinulat ang El Amor Patrio, isang tula upang bigyang-daan ang kanyang kasabikan sa sariling bayan na ibinigay kay Basilio Teodoro, kasapi ng patnugutan ng Diariong Tagalog na kanilang inilathala noong Agosto 20 sa ilalim ng ngalan sa panulat na Laong-Laan sa 2 wika-Kastila at Tagalog (salin ni Marcelo H. del Pilar)

Setyembre (kalagitnaan)-nagtungo sa Madrid at nagpatala sa Central Universidad de Madrid sa kursong Medisina at Filosofia y Letras (unang Linggo ng Oktubre)
Nag-aral ng eskultura at pagpipinta sa Academia ng San Fernando at nagsanay sa Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell sa pagpapalusog ng katawan.
Nagpasyang pag-aralang lubusan ang iba't ibang partido pulitikal ng Spain.
Natatag ang Circulo Hispano-Filipino sa pangunguna ng Kastila-Pilipinong si Don Juan Atayde na di katagala'y nagsara rin dahil sa kakulangan ng pondo sanhi ng pagwawalang-bahala ng mga kasapi
Sinulat ang Me piden Versos-tulang nagpapahayag ng masidhing pananabik ni Rizal sa kanyang bayan (nalathala sa La Solidaridad sa Barcelona noong Marso 31, 1889)
Nakapagtatag ng sariling aklatan kung saan kabilang ang Uncle Tom's Cabin ni Harriet Beecher Stowe at The Wandering Jew ni Eugene Sue-mga akdang nagtanim sa kanyang isipan ng pagkaawa sa mga tauhan dahil sa kanilang kaapihan

Hunyo 17,1883-pinalipas ang bakasyon sa Paris, pinuntahan ang mahahalagang pook tulad ng Champ Elysees, Colonne Vendome (kinalalagyan ng estatwa ni Napoleon I), Opera House, Place de la Concorde, Simbahan ni Magdalen, Simbahan ng Notre Dame at Museo de Louvre-lumang palasyo ni Francis I, pinakamahalagang gusali na pinagdarausan ng mga dula't kababalaghan ng mga Valvis, Medicis at Sorbon
Napansin ang mga palikuran sa lansangan (Gabinet d'Aisence)
Unang linggo ng Setyembre, 1883-nagbalik sa Madrid upang ipagpatuloy ang pag-aaral
Pormal na sumapi sa Lohiya Acasia gamit ang pangalang pangmason na Dimasalang
Hunyo 21, 1884-nakapasa sa titulong Doktor ng Medisina

Hunyo 25, 1884-nagsalu-salo sa Restaurant Ingles dahil sa pagkapanalo ng mga pinta nina Juan Luna (Spolarium-unang gantimpala) at Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo (Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace-ikalawang gantimpala) sa Pambansang Eksposisyon ng Bellas Artes. Napili si Rizal bilang pangunahing mananalumpati
Sinulat ang kalahating bahagi ng Noli Me Tangere
Humanga kay Consuelo Ortiga y Perez, anak ni Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey (dating alkalde ng Maynila noong panahon ni dela torre) ngunit pinigil sapagkat alam niyang gusto rin siya ni Eduardo de Lete kayat sinulat ang tulang A La Señorite C.O. y R.
Sumapi sa Masonerya-samahang ipinagbabawal ng Simbahang Katoliko na naglalayong palawakin ang pandaigdigang kapatiran ng tao sa ilalim ng pagkaama ng Diyos, dahil sa pagtitiwala niya sa layunin ng samahan at paniniwalang makakuha ng kasama sa pakikipaglaban sa masasamang pari sa Pilipinas. (Nobyembre 15, 1890-naging Master Mason ng Lohiya Solidaridad at Pebrero 15,
1892-sumapi sa Le Grand Orient France)
Tatlong buwang hindi tumanggap ng padalang salapi mula kay Paciano dahil sa salot at kalamidad. Ipinagbili ni Paciano ang kanyang kabayong si Csataño sa halagang P200. Nanghiram kay Valentin Ventura upang ipambayad sa Lisensyado sa Pilosopiya at Letras

BUHAY SA PARIS
Hulyo 1885-nagtungo sa Paris upang ipagpatuloy ang pag-aaral sa Optalmolohiya
Unang Linggo ng Oktubre-nagpatala bilang okulista sa klinika ni Dr. Louis de Wecker-kilalang optalmologong Pranses
Kapag walang ginagawa, dumadalaw kina Luna at Hidalgo at nagsisilbing modelo ni Luna. Sa pintang Ang Kamatayan ni Cleopatra, siya ang paring taga-Ehipto at Sikatuna sa Sanduguan.
Naging abala sa pag-aaral ng Aleman, Pranses, Italyano, Polish at Griyego
Tinapos ang ikatlong-kapat na bahagi ng Noli.
Pebrero 1, 1886-umalis sa Paris upang magtungo sa Heidelberg

BUHAY SA HEIDELBERG
Pebrero 3, 1886-dumating sa Heidelberg-isa sa makasaysayang lungsod sa Alemanya, sentro ng karunungan dahil sa pinakamatandang pamantasang itinayo ng Elector na si Ruperto I (1386) at pangunahing pook ng Repormasyong Protestante. Lungsod din ng serbesa.
Nagtrabaho sa klinika ni Dr. Javier Galezonski (Polish)-dalubhasa sa sakit sa mata
Naglingkod bilang katulong sa paggagamot sa Augen Klinik-klinika sa mata ng okulistang si Dr. Otto Becker
(Pagpapatuloy: Buhay sa Berlin)
Abril 27, 1887-ibinalita kay Paciano ang pagtanggap ng Php 1000, biayaran ang pagkakautang kay Viola, nagpaalam sa mga kaibigan at nagbalita ng kanyang balak na bumalik sa Pilipinas
Mayo 11, 1887-iniwan ang Berlin patungong Dresden at Leitzmeritz
Mayo 13, 1887-nakipagkita kay Blumentritt, ipinakilala kina Sr. Jose Kromholz (pangulo ng Leitzmeritz Tourist Club), Dr. Karl Czepelak (paralitikong manggagamot) at Robert Klutzchak
Mayo 17, 1887-nagtungo sa Prague, nakilala si Dr. Willkomm-propesor sa kasaysayan sa kalikasan sa Unib. ng Prague
Mayo 27, 1887-nagtungo sa Vienna, nakipagkita kina Sr. Masner, Nordman at Norfenfals, mga kilalang iskolar at nobelista ng Austria
Mayo 24, 1887-nagbigay ng panayam kay G. Adler (reporter ng pahayagang Extra-Blatt) tungkol sa tunay na kalagayan ng Pilipinas
Mayo 25-31, 1887-nagtungo sa Lintz, Salzburg, Munchen, Nuremberg (isa sa matandang lungsod ng Aleman), Ulm, Stuttgart, Baden Rheinfall (dinalaw ang Rin waterfalls-pinakamagandang talon sa buong Europa), Schaffhausen
Hunyo 4, 1887-nagtungo ng Bern, Lousanne, Geneva, inbinalita kay Blumentritt ang pasyang bumalik sa Pilipinas
Hunyo 23, 1887-dumaan ng Turin, Milan, Venice at Florence bago nagtuloy sa Roma-lungsod ng Vaticano. Tinungo ang Capitolium, Tanpeian Rock, Palatium, Forum Romanorum, Ampitheatre
Hunyo 27, 1887-nagtungo sa Marseilles, nagsimulang maglakbay pauwi ng Pilipinas. Sa kabila ng pagpigil nina Paciano, Silvestre Ubaldo at Jose Cecilio dahil sa kaguluhang nilikha ng Noli, ngunit buo na ang pasya upang
    1. tistisin ang mata ng ina
    2. alamin ang katotohanan tungkol sa ligalig na nilikha ng Noli
    3. alamin ang dahilan ng panlalamig at katahimikan ni Leonor Rivera
    4. tulungan ang mga kababayan
Hunyo 29, 1887-nagpadala ng postcard sa mga magulang upang ibalita ang pagdating sa Pilipinas
Hulyo 3, 1887-mula sa Marseilles lumulan ng Djemnah pabalik sa Pilipinas
Hulyo 30, 1887-nakarating sa Saigon, lumipat ng bapor Haiphong patungong Maynila
Agosto 5, 1887-dumating sa Maynila, lumulan ng Bapor Binyang, lumipat ng Bapor Bakal
Agosto 8, 1887-dumating ng Calamba
SA PILIPINAS
    -tinistis ang mata ng ina (sa loob ng isang buwan, nagbali ang paningin ng ina-unang pagtitistis na ginanap sa Pilipinas at nagbigay ng pangalan at katanyagan kay Rizal bilang manggagamot
    -ipinatawag ni Gob. Hen. Emilio Terrero y Perinat upang alamin ang katotohanan tungkol sa subersibong kaisipan ng Noli
    -itinalaga bilang tanod ni Rizal si Don Jose Taviel de Andrade
Nagpadala ng isang sipi ng Noli si P. Pedro Payo (Arsobispo ng Maynila) kay P. Gregorio Echavarria (Rector ng UST) upang suriin
Bumuo ng komiteng susuri sa aklat: P. Matias Gomez, Norberto del Prado, Fernandez Arias
Hatol sa Noli: Heretiko, lapastangan, isakandaloso sa punto ng relihiyon, laban sa pgkamakabayan, subersibo, laban sa kapayapaan, nakasisira sa pamahalaan ng Kastila at sa gawain nito sa Pilipinas sa puntong pulitikal
Ipinadala ng Gob. Hen. ang ulat ng komite matapos basahin sa Palagiang Komisyon ng Sensura na binubuo ng mga pari at karaniwang mamamayan sa pamumuno ni P. Salvador Font (Agustino, kura ng Tondo)

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The Causes of the Delay of the Filipino Nationalism

1. Lack of National Language
2. Passport Requirement- refers to the documents which are needed for a person to travel to the different part of the Philippines.
3. Philippine Topography

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Factors that Contributed to Awakening of the Filipino Nationalism

1. Opening of the Philippines to the International Trade- refers to the opening of the Philippines to the international trade.
2. Rise of the Middle Class- refers to the Illustrado and the Compradores.
3. Impact of the European Liberalism
4. Regime of Carlos Ma. de la Torre- refers to the time of Gov. Gen. De la Torre which the Filipinos enjoyed the equality between the Spaniards and the Filipinos.
5. Racial Discrimination- refers to the discrimination to the Filipinos.
6. Regular-Secular Conflict- refers to the conflict between the Regular(Spanish Priest) and Secular (Filipino Priest) on who will manage the churches in the Philippines.
7. Cavity Mutiny and the Execution of GOMBURZA- refers to the time which De la Torre was being pull out from his position and the new Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo made an erroneous act of making the people of Cavite pay a tax and the execution of the three Secular Priest.

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Evils in the Philippines during Rizal’s Time

1. Maladministration of Justice- means that Justice is only for who can afford.
2. No Equality before the Law- the exception of Spaniards and mestizos in the punishment.
3. No Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortez- no Philippine representation in the Spanish Parliament.
4. Guardia Civil- refers to the Military which is intended for stability of peace and order of the Philippines but in reality they abused the Filipino people.
5. Hacienda owned by the Friars- the Friars claim lands that are originally owned by the Filipino Natives.
6. Racial Discrimination- discrimination to the Filipino. They Spaniards think of the Filipinos as a Slave “Indio”.
7. Instability of Colonial Administration- refers to the unstable appointment of the Governor General assigned in the Philippines.
8. Corrupt Officialdom- refers to the corruption and abuses made by the officials of the Government and the Church.
9. Forced Labor- refers to the mandate of the Spaniard to the Filipino to work at least 30 days a year.
10. Human rights denied to the Filipinos- refers to the view of the Spaniards that a Filipino is a slave in which do not have any right to enjoy.
11. Failocracy- means “Government by the Friars”

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People of MINSUPALA

The MOROS:

1. M’ranao (Maranao/Maranaw)- known as the People of the Lake. Most of this moros are currently located in Lanao del Sur and Lanao del Norte. This Moros are known for their MARATABAT and RIDO (Family Feud)
2. Iranun/Ilanun- known as the People of the Iliana Bay. The word Iranun came from the maranao word “I-ranaon” which means people from lake. This people are maranaos who established their home in Iliana Bay. Currently most of them are in Malabang, Lanao del Sur.
3. Maguindanaon- known as the People of the Flood Plain. This people are living in the Province of Maguindanao.
4. Kalibogan- this moros are located in Zamboanga and it is believed that they are non-Muslim and non-Christian people. They are closely relative of Subanon.
5. Yakan- this moros lives near the forest and they are good in boat making. They are formely known as the “Samales” which means the Coastal Duelers.
6. Samal- lives in Tawi-Tawi and believed to have an Arab blood. They are formerly called as “Samal Balangingi” and nowadays they prefer to be called as “Sama”.
7. Badjao- they are known as the “SEA GYPSY”. They are good swimmers and they live in a boat. They don’t have a permanent address. Also they are formerly known as “Samal Dilaut” and “Samal Luwa’an”.
8. Tausog- known as the People of the Sea, Fearless of the Sea and People of the Current.
9. Jama Mapun- They are located in Mapun Island.
10. Kalagan- located in Davao Region.
11. Malbog- located in Palawan.
12. Palawani- located in Palawan.
13. Sangil/Sangir- located in Sarangani Island.

The INDIGENOUS PEOPLE (Lumads):
Caraga Region

1. Agusanon
2. Surigaonon
3. Lapaknon
4. Tigkalasan
5. Talaandig
6. Higaonon
7. Usi Manobo
8. Mamanowa

Bukidnon Region

1. Pulangion
2. Umayamnon
3. Adjawanon
4. Talaandig
5. Higaonon
6. Matigsalog
7. Manovouh

Davao Region (Wild Tribes of Manobo)

1. Bagobo
2. Ubo
3. B”Laan
4. Mansaka/ Mandaya
5. Tagakaulo
6. Dibabawon
7. Mangwangen
8. Dulanganes
9. Culayanes
10. Ata

Palawan

1. Tigbanua
2. Ken-ug
3. Faut Bato
4. Batal
5. Cuyonin
6. Remontado
7. Cotabato
8. T’Boli
9. Tasaday
10. Feruday
11. Aromanen Manobo
12. B’laan

Zamboanga

1. Subanon

The CHRISTIANS (Migrants)

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Areas of MINSUPALA

The following are the areas of MINSUPALA (Mindanao, Sulu, Palawan)
Region 4-B Provincial Capital

1. Palawan Puerto Princesa City

Region 9: Zamboanga Peninsula

1. Zamboanga Sibugay-Ipil Ipil
2. Zamboanga del Norte Dipolog City
3. Zamboanga del Sur Pagadian City

Region 10: Northern Mindanao

1. Bukidnon Malaybalay City
2. Camiguin Mambajao
3. Misamis Occidental Oroquieta City
4. Misamis Oriental Cagayan de Oro City
5. Lanao del Norte Tubod

Region 11: Davao Region

1. Davao del Norte Tagum City
2. Davao der Sur Digos City
3. Davao Oriental Mati
4. Compostela Valley Nabunturan

Region 12: Soccsksargen

1. Sultan Kudarat Isulan
2. Saranggani Alabel
3. South Cotabato Koronadal City
4. North Cotabato Kidapawan City

Region 13: Caraga

1. Agusan del Norte Butuan City
2. Agusan del Sur Prosperidad
3. Surigao del Norte Surigao City
4. Surigao del Sur Tandag

Region 13: Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)

1. Basilan Isabela
2. Sulu Jolo
3. . Lanao del Sur Marawi City
4. Maguindanao Shariff Aguak
5. Tawi-Tawi Panglima Sugala

Major Water Forms

1. Lake Mainit
2. Lake Lanao
3. Lake Buluan
4. Davao Gulf
5. Moro Gulr
6. Iligan Bay
7. Iliana Bay
8. Siburguey Bay
9. Sarangani Bay
10. Agusan River
11. Agus River
12. Pulangi River (Rio Grande de Mindanao)
13. Sulu Sea
14. Bohol Sea
15. Celebes Sea
16. Mindanao Sea
17. Philippine Sea
18. South China Sea

Major Land Forms

1. Mt. Kitanglad
2. Mt. Apo
3. Mt. Kalatungan
4. Mt. Ragang
5. Mt. Dapiak
6. Mt. Hilong-Hilong
7. Bukidnon Plateau

Major Islands

1. Cuyo Island
2. Balabac Island
3. Sarangani Island
4. Samal Island

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Theories on the Origin of the People of the Philippines

Long before, Philippines was said to be part of the Main Land China.

Land Bridge Theory- it states that Philippines had ones a land bridge connecting to the Main Land China during the Ice Age. As the ice melts the land bridge shrink in the water.

Dr. Fritjoff Voss- he made a study about the origin of the Philippines and he found out that Philippines was never part of the main land China. It is because the thickness of earth’s crust underneath china did not reach the Philippines.

Wives of Migration- this states that there are three group of people who went to the Philippines by boat first was the Negritos (Negro), second was Indonesians and lastly was the Malays. This was authored by Dr. Otley Beyer.
 
Divine Theory- this theory was based on the peopling of the world in the Bible.

Evolution Theory- was proposed by Charles Darwin. This theory states that man came from apes and through evolution the ape became human.

F.Landa Jocano- he believe that 60,000 years ago, the Philippines had already it’s people living on it.

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Brief History of Abbasid Dynasty

Abbasids, dynasty of caliphs who ruled the caliphate of Islam from 750 until 1258. All of these caliphs were descended from Abbas, a member of the tribe of Quraysh of Mecca who was an uncle of the prophet Muhammad. The Abbasids seized the caliphate following the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty of caliphs, and held it until the Mongols sacked Baghdād and killed the last caliph of the line. For most of this time their court was in Baghdād, a town founded at the command of the second Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur (754-775) in 762.

For the first century or so of their caliphate, the Abbasids acted as the leaders of Islam both religiously and politically, despite the fact that during this period their authority was rejected by some. The peak of their power probably occurred in the reign of Harun ar-Rashid, who relied heavily on the Barmakid family of administrators. Following Harun’s death there was a period of civil war between his two sons,

al-Amin and al-Mamun. Al-Mamun finally triumphed but the prestige of the family was damaged.
By the end of the 9th century the Abbasids were unable to exercise real religious or political authority. Their religious authority had been taken over by the religious scholars of Sunni Islam following the failure of the caliphs’ attempt to impose their will over them in the trial of strength known as the Mihna (833-847). As a result of this episode the caliphs were restricted to a largely symbolic role as merely nominal leaders of Sunni Islam. Followers of Shia Islam rejected the Abbasids completely.
Politically the caliphs had become puppets in the hands of their Turkish soldiers, who were able to remove and install caliphs as they wished. In 908 one caliph held office for one day only. The process culminated with the institution in 935 of the title Amir al-Umara (Commander of the Commanders), which was taken by the real political power, the chief of the Turkish soldiers.

At the same time, territories that the Abbasids controlled fell apart as independent states arose in regions previously under Abbasid rule. Some of the rulers of these states recognized the suzerainty of the Abbasids, but this was merely a token. In 945 the Shia Buwayhid family conquered Baghdād itself, and for the next century the Abbasid caliphate survived mainly because the Buwayhids found it useful in various ways.

Although the 9th and 10th centuries saw a decline in the power of the caliphs, the period was one of great religious and cultural importance. The trial of strength between the caliphs and the Sunni religious scholars sealed the rise of the Sunni form of Islam. It prepared the way for the appearance of the great books of Sunni law and the collections of hadiths (reports about Muhammad). Only slightly later, the Shia form of Islam achieved its definitive form when the line of the 12 Imams came to an end in 873, an event followed by the appearance of books of Shia law and distinctive collections of hadiths.
Philosophy, medicine, mathematics, and other sciences flourished as the Islamic world appropriated and developed the knowledge and wisdom of earlier and surrounding cultures. Particularly important was the science and philosophy of the Hellenistic Near East, and the 9th and 10th centuries saw the translation into Arabic of several works by (or attributed to) figures like Aristotle, Plato, Euclid, Galen, and others. The work of translation was encouraged by the Abbasid al-Mamun who founded the so-called House of Wisdom (Dar al-Hikma) in Baghdād as a center for it. Arabic-speaking Christians were especially active in the production of translations. The system of so-called Arabic numerals originated in India, but was adopted at this time by Islamic civilization, then later transmitted to the West.

The political fragmentation of the caliphate led to the emergence of many local courts and centers of power, which also encouraged the development of science and philosophy as well as poetry and prose, art, and architecture. Some of the local courts that emerged in the eastern regions of the caliphate are especially associated with the rise of an Islamic Persian literature and Iranian national sentiment.
In 1055 the Seljuk Turks, who were Sunnis, captured Baghdād, but this made no significant difference to the position of the caliphs. Although once again honored as symbols of the unity of Sunni Islam, their freedom of action was severely limited. Only in times of Seljuk weakness were individual caliphs occasionally able to exercise some power and influence. By the time the Mongol Empire ended the line of caliphs in 1258, Sunni Islam no longer needed even the symbolic role of the caliphate. It is true that the Mamluk sultans of Egypt established a puppet caliphate in Cairo, installing various members of the Abbasid family who had escaped the fall of Baghdād. Since the end of the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdād, however, no claimant to the office has achieved anything like general recognition among the Muslims.
After their first century or so the Abbasids cannot be said to have had much control over events. They nevertheless provided a focus of loyalty for Sunni Islam during an often turbulent period, and their caliphate may be seen in retrospect as the golden age of Islamic civilization.

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Brief History of Umayyad Dynasty

Umayyad, also Omayyad, first great Arab Muslim dynasty of caliphs (religious and secular leaders) founded by Muawiyah I in 661 and lasting until 750. Uthman ibn Affan, a member of the prominent Umayyad family of Mecca, had been elected to the caliphate in 644 to succeed Umar I, but his weakness and nepotism resulted in rebellion and he was murdered in 656. Uthman was succeeded by Ali, son-in-law of the prophet Muhammad and chief of the legitimist party, which believed that only a member of Muhammad’s family could rightfully hold the caliphate. However, Muawiyah I, governor of Syria and first Umayyad caliph, revolted against Ali and, supported by Amr, the conqueror of Egypt, gained the advantage. Hailed as caliph at Jerusalem in 660, Muawiyah I was in complete control soon after the assassination of Ali the following year. Under Muawiyah I the capital was changed from Medina to Damascus. Muawiyah I developed an administrative system modeled after the Byzantine Empire and before his death in 680 had secured the throne for his son, thus putting the state on a dynastic basis. Conquest was begun again with an offensive on all fronts. Under Muawiyah I and his Umayyad successors, Muslim control of the Mediterranean region was completed. The Arabs, led by a fierce North African Berber army commanded by Tariq, crossed from North Africa and eventually conquered Spain; in the east they met no effective opposition until they had passed the borders of India. They were stopped in the west by the Franks under Charles Martel and by the Byzantine Empire, which repulsed an attack on Constantinople early in the 8th century.

Under the Umayyad dynasty, political and social ascendancy remained in the hands of a few Arab families from Mecca and Medina. This caused the Muslim population, which had grown enormously as the empire expanded, to become increasingly discontented, especially since the Umayyads had found it necessary to increase their income from taxation. Lands were now taxed without regard to religion, and Muslims were exempt only from personal taxes. Opposition centered in Persia where there was continued opposition to Syrian domination and where the legitimists allied themselves with the Abbasids, who claimed descent from Abbas, the uncle of the prophet Muhammad. The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads in 750, killed the caliph, Marwan II, and gained the caliphate for themselves. Members of the Umayyad family were located and slain, except for Abd-ar-Rahman I, who escaped to Córdoba, Spain, in 756 to rule as an independent emir. The Abbasids moved the capital of the empire eastward to a new city, Baghdād, which they founded on the Tigris River.

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Acestral Root of Dr. Jose Rizal

José Rizal's parents, Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos,José Rizal's parents, Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos,

Rizal was the seventh child of their eleven children namely: Saturnina (1850-1913), Paciano (1851-1930), Narcisa (1852-1939), Olympia (1855-1887), Lucia (1857-1919), Maria (1859-1945), Jose Rizal (1861-1896), Concepcion (1862-1865), Josefa (1865-1945), Trinidad (1868-1951) and Soledad (1870-1929).


Rizal was a 6th-generation patrilineal descendant of

Domingo Lam-co (Chinese: 柯仪南; pinyin: Ke Yinan), a Chinese immigrant entrepreneur who sailed to the Philippines from Jinjiang, Quanzhou in the mid-17th century.

 Lam-co married Inez de la Rosa, a Sangley native of Luzon. To free his descendants from the anti-Chinese animosity of the Spanish authorities, Lam-co changed the family surname to the Spanish surname "Mercado" (market) to indicate their Chinese merchant roots. Their original application was for the name "Ricial", apropos their main occupation of farming, which was arbitrarily denied.


The name "Rizal" (originally Ricial, the green of young growth or green fields), was adopted by Jose to enable him to travel freely as the Mercados had gained notoriety by Paciano's earlier links with Filipino priests who were sentenced to death as subversives. From early childhood, Jose and Paciano were already advancing unheard-of political ideas of freedom and individual rights which infuriated the authorities.

Rizal, 11 years old, a student at the Ateneo Municipal.Aside from indigenous Filipino and Chinese ancestry, recent genealogical research has found that José had traces of Spanish, and Japanese ancestry. His maternal great-great-grandfather (Teodora's great-grandfather) was Eugenio Ursua, a descendant of Japanese settlers, who married a Filipina named Benigna (surname unknown). These two gave birth to Regina Ursua who married a Sangley mestizo from Pangasinán named Atty. Manuel de Quintos, Teodora's grandfather. Their daughter Brígida de Quintos married a Spanish mestizo named Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo, the father of Teodora. Austin Craig mentions Lacandula, Rajah of Tondo at the time of the Spanish incursion, also as an ancestor.


His maternal great-grandmother, Regina Ochoa, is described as a Spanish-Chinese mestiza. His father's side of the family tree is dotted with many people described as either "Chinese" or "mestizo Chinese." His most illustrious Chinese ancestor, Doming Lam-co, was born in China in 1662 and whose original Chinese name was Cue Yi-lam. This lolo of Rizal had an even more distinguished ancestry in China.


CUA CLAN


Domingo Lam-co belonged to the Cua clan of south China. The surname Cua is considered today as the 44th most common name in China. It is a variant of the family name CAI, which also has variant transliterations that include Tsai, Choi, Choy, Chua, Cue, and Chye. The Cuas are considered today as one of the most prosperous families in South China and in other parts of Asia. The Cuas are a very ancient line, which can be traced to how many generations ago back to times when unified China was still non-existent.


They are the descendants of Shu Du, the 5th son of Zhou Wu Wang, the political genius who started the Chou dynasty. Shu Du was later made the duke of Cai (Shangcai of Henan), and was known as Cai Shu. He was an active member of the royal court and was one of the "Three Guards" during the first years of the Chou dynasty. It was 600 years later when his descendants finally formalized the usage of the surname Cai.


As already stated, the Cuas today continue to enjoy the same status that they did hundreds of years ago. Taiwanese billionaire Tsai Wan-Lin of the Cathay Life Group and Chua To-Hing of Gudang Garam Group of Indonesia are two of the richest Cua descendants today, according to Forbes magazine.

Domingo Lam-co, Rizal's great-great-grandfather, was the 19th generation descendant of the Cai Shu Du. At the age of 35, Lam-co was baptized in June 1697, in the Parian Church of San Gabriel. He took the name Domingo since he was baptized on Sunday. Lam-co then became Domingo Lam-co.


SETTLED IN LAGUNA


In his baptismal record, his parents were simply listed as Siong-co and Jun-nio. He settled in Bi an, Laguna on the Dominican estate called San Isidro Labrador. Domingo married Inez de la Rosa, a girl very much younger than he was. She was the daughter of his friend, Agustin Chinco, a rich Chinese merchant, and Jacinta Rafaela, a Chinese mestiza of Parian.

Domingo's son was Francisco, the first in the line to use Mercado as a surname. The name Mercado, a Spanish word for market, aptly described the livelihood of Domingo's family as they were entrepreneurs. Later, Francisco's grandson and namesake, Rizal's father, changed the family name to Rizal to suit his farming business, since Rizal is derived from the Spanish ricial, which means green fields.

Despite the persecution that the Chinese and the Chinese mestizos suffered from the Spaniards, the ancestors of Rizal were fearless people who ensured the survival of their family and their livelihood. From this strength of character, no doubt, Rizal got his ability to remain calm and composed even in the face of adversaries.


I decided today that, unlike most people, I would not extol on the virtues and the values of Jose P. Rizal and instead pay tribute to the men and women who came before our national hero. Most of us are already quite familiar with Rizal's greatness anyway.

Besides, like Ambeth Ocampo, I believe that heroes must be presented as human beings and not like gods. When we see that our heroes are just like us, we tend to get more encouraged to emulate them. After all, a hero is just an ordinary person doing extraordinary things in extraordinary times.

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