Material Science by William Calister : Chapter 1 Notes

Material Science is the study of investigating the relationship that exists between the structures and properties of materials.

Ages of Material Science
1.       Stone Age
2.       Bronze Age
3.       Iron Age


Classification of Materials
1.       Metals – are combination of metallic materials
2.       Polymers – materials made of plastic and rubber
3.       Ceramics – compound between metallic and nonmetallic
4.       Composite – engineered materials composed of different material type
5.       Semiconductor – has intermediate electrical properties
6.       Biomaterials – materials that can be used to a human body


Properties of Material
1.       Mechanical Properties
2.       Electrical and Magnetism Properties
3.       Optical Properties
4.       Thermal Properties
5.       Deteriorative Properties


Properties of Materials based on Engineering
1.       STRENGTH - The ability of a material to stand up to forces being applied without it bending, breaking, shattering or deforming in any way.
2.       ELASTICITY - The ability of a material to absorb force and flex in different directions, returning to its original position.
3.       PLASTICITY - The ability of a material to be change in shape permanently.
4.       DUCTILITY - The ability of a material to change shape (deform) usually by stretching along its length.
5.       TENSILE STRENGTH - The ability of a material to stretch without breaking or snapping.
6.       MALLEABILITY - The ability of a material to be reshaped in all directions without cracking
7.       TOUGHNESS - A characteristic of a material that does not break or shatter when receiving a blow or under a sudden shock.
8.       HARDNESS - The ability of a material to resist scratching, wear and tear and indentation.
9.       CONDUCTIVITY                  - The ability of a material to conduct electricity.

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Acestral Root of Dr. Jose Rizal

José Rizal's parents, Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos,José Rizal's parents, Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos,

Rizal was the seventh child of their eleven children namely: Saturnina (1850-1913), Paciano (1851-1930), Narcisa (1852-1939), Olympia (1855-1887), Lucia (1857-1919), Maria (1859-1945), Jose Rizal (1861-1896), Concepcion (1862-1865), Josefa (1865-1945), Trinidad (1868-1951) and Soledad (1870-1929).


Rizal was a 6th-generation patrilineal descendant of

Domingo Lam-co (Chinese: 柯仪南; pinyin: Ke Yinan), a Chinese immigrant entrepreneur who sailed to the Philippines from Jinjiang, Quanzhou in the mid-17th century.

 Lam-co married Inez de la Rosa, a Sangley native of Luzon. To free his descendants from the anti-Chinese animosity of the Spanish authorities, Lam-co changed the family surname to the Spanish surname "Mercado" (market) to indicate their Chinese merchant roots. Their original application was for the name "Ricial", apropos their main occupation of farming, which was arbitrarily denied.


The name "Rizal" (originally Ricial, the green of young growth or green fields), was adopted by Jose to enable him to travel freely as the Mercados had gained notoriety by Paciano's earlier links with Filipino priests who were sentenced to death as subversives. From early childhood, Jose and Paciano were already advancing unheard-of political ideas of freedom and individual rights which infuriated the authorities.

Rizal, 11 years old, a student at the Ateneo Municipal.Aside from indigenous Filipino and Chinese ancestry, recent genealogical research has found that José had traces of Spanish, and Japanese ancestry. His maternal great-great-grandfather (Teodora's great-grandfather) was Eugenio Ursua, a descendant of Japanese settlers, who married a Filipina named Benigna (surname unknown). These two gave birth to Regina Ursua who married a Sangley mestizo from Pangasinán named Atty. Manuel de Quintos, Teodora's grandfather. Their daughter Brígida de Quintos married a Spanish mestizo named Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo, the father of Teodora. Austin Craig mentions Lacandula, Rajah of Tondo at the time of the Spanish incursion, also as an ancestor.


His maternal great-grandmother, Regina Ochoa, is described as a Spanish-Chinese mestiza. His father's side of the family tree is dotted with many people described as either "Chinese" or "mestizo Chinese." His most illustrious Chinese ancestor, Doming Lam-co, was born in China in 1662 and whose original Chinese name was Cue Yi-lam. This lolo of Rizal had an even more distinguished ancestry in China.


CUA CLAN


Domingo Lam-co belonged to the Cua clan of south China. The surname Cua is considered today as the 44th most common name in China. It is a variant of the family name CAI, which also has variant transliterations that include Tsai, Choi, Choy, Chua, Cue, and Chye. The Cuas are considered today as one of the most prosperous families in South China and in other parts of Asia. The Cuas are a very ancient line, which can be traced to how many generations ago back to times when unified China was still non-existent.


They are the descendants of Shu Du, the 5th son of Zhou Wu Wang, the political genius who started the Chou dynasty. Shu Du was later made the duke of Cai (Shangcai of Henan), and was known as Cai Shu. He was an active member of the royal court and was one of the "Three Guards" during the first years of the Chou dynasty. It was 600 years later when his descendants finally formalized the usage of the surname Cai.


As already stated, the Cuas today continue to enjoy the same status that they did hundreds of years ago. Taiwanese billionaire Tsai Wan-Lin of the Cathay Life Group and Chua To-Hing of Gudang Garam Group of Indonesia are two of the richest Cua descendants today, according to Forbes magazine.

Domingo Lam-co, Rizal's great-great-grandfather, was the 19th generation descendant of the Cai Shu Du. At the age of 35, Lam-co was baptized in June 1697, in the Parian Church of San Gabriel. He took the name Domingo since he was baptized on Sunday. Lam-co then became Domingo Lam-co.


SETTLED IN LAGUNA


In his baptismal record, his parents were simply listed as Siong-co and Jun-nio. He settled in Bi an, Laguna on the Dominican estate called San Isidro Labrador. Domingo married Inez de la Rosa, a girl very much younger than he was. She was the daughter of his friend, Agustin Chinco, a rich Chinese merchant, and Jacinta Rafaela, a Chinese mestiza of Parian.

Domingo's son was Francisco, the first in the line to use Mercado as a surname. The name Mercado, a Spanish word for market, aptly described the livelihood of Domingo's family as they were entrepreneurs. Later, Francisco's grandson and namesake, Rizal's father, changed the family name to Rizal to suit his farming business, since Rizal is derived from the Spanish ricial, which means green fields.

Despite the persecution that the Chinese and the Chinese mestizos suffered from the Spaniards, the ancestors of Rizal were fearless people who ensured the survival of their family and their livelihood. From this strength of character, no doubt, Rizal got his ability to remain calm and composed even in the face of adversaries.


I decided today that, unlike most people, I would not extol on the virtues and the values of Jose P. Rizal and instead pay tribute to the men and women who came before our national hero. Most of us are already quite familiar with Rizal's greatness anyway.

Besides, like Ambeth Ocampo, I believe that heroes must be presented as human beings and not like gods. When we see that our heroes are just like us, we tend to get more encouraged to emulate them. After all, a hero is just an ordinary person doing extraordinary things in extraordinary times.

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Summary of Philippines Constitution : Article 11

Article XI: Accountability of the Public Officers

Public Office is the right, authority, and duty created and conferred by law by which a given period either fixed by law or enduring at the pleasure of the appointing power.

Nature of Public Office
1.    Public Trust- means Public Office Position should be of rendering service to the public.
2.    Public Office is not a Property- the holder of the office should not claim that he as the full right and he owns his position.
3.    Public Office is not a Contract- anyone being removed from the office should not blame the government for any damages he sue after being removed.


Impeachment –method of national inquest into the conduct of Public Men.

Officials to be removed by the Impeachment
1.    President and Vice-President
2.    Member of the Supreme Court
3.    Members of the Constitutional Commission
4.    Ombudsman


Grounds for Impeachment
1.    Culpable Violation of the Constitution- willing to violate the constitution.
2.    Treason- giving alliances other than the Republic of the Philippines.
3.    Bribery- accepting gift which has a certain exchange.
4.    Betrayal of the Public Trust- loss of the trust of the public
5.    Other High Crimes

Steps on an Impeachment Trial
1.    Filling of an Impeachment complain from the House of Representatives.
2.    A required vote f 1/3 of the Member of House.
3.    Impeachment Trial in the Senate.
4.    2/3 vote of the senators to decide the faith of the one being impeached.

Penalty in Impeachment Case
1.    Removal to the Office.
2.    Disqualification to hold any office in the Republic of the Philippines.


The Ombudsman (Office of the Special Prosecutor)
-known as the “Tanodbayan”  
-serves as the WATCHDOG of the Government Offices and Agencies.

Power of the Ombudsman
1.    Investigate- made an investigation on a certain complain against a Government Officials
2.    Prosecute- suggest a solution to the complain

Composition of the Ombudsman
1.    One Over-all Deputy Ombudsman
2.    One Deputy Ombudsman for the 3 Major Islands in the Philippines (Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao)
3.    One Deputy Ombudsman on the AFP and law enforcing Agency.

Ombudsman Personnel Appointment and Term of Office
1.    A list of at least 6 candidate should be passed by the Judicial and Bar Council to the President. Confirmation of the Commission on Appointment is not needed.
2.    Qualifications:
a.    Natural Born Citizen of the Philippines
b.    Must be 40 years old on the time of their appointment
c.    Must be member of Philippine Bar
d.    Must have a recognized probity and independence
3.    Term of Office – seven years without reappointment in the Ombudsman.

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Summary of Philippine Constitution : Article 8

Article VIII: Judiciary Department

Judiciary- watch dog of the Legislative and Executive Department

Judicial Power
1.       Adjudicatory power- power to use law to solve an issue and to determine the abuses made.
2.       Judicial Review- reviewing of the validity of the laws
3.       Incidental Power- Judgement of contempt.

Kind of Offense
1.       Criminal Case- an offense which affect the community such as killings, massacre, and etc…
2.       Civil Case- an offense which affect two or more individual such as failure to comply to a contract.

Classification of Court According to Origin
1.       Constitutional Court- the Supreme Court, the only Court mandated by the constitution to be created.
2.       Statutory Curt- courts created by the law (Lower Court)


Classification of Court According to Case
1.       Special Court- court which has a limited jurisdiction
a.       Court of Tax Appeal- court which hold the cases related to tax
b.      Sandigan Bayan- court which hold the cases related to graft and corruption. Has 14 Associate Justices.
c.       Court of Appeals- court on which hold the cases being appeal to be rejudged.
d.      Shariah Court- court which holds the cases of civil offenses related to Muslims.

2.       Regular Court- those court which handles those common cases

Composition of Supreme Court
1.       One Chief Justice
2.       Fourteen Associate Justices

Qualification of a Chief Justice
1.       Natural Born Citizen of the Philippines
2.       At least 40 years of age
3.       Must have 15 years or more been judge of a lower court or engaged in the practicing law in the Philippines
4.       Must be a person of a proven competence, integrity, probity, and independence.
5.       Must be a Member of Integrated Bar of the Philippines


Appointment of a Chief Justice/ associate justices
-          A certain list of people must be submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council to the President.
-          The President will appoint the Justice but it cannot remove any justice being appointed.
-          Retirement age is 70 year old.

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Summary of Philippine Constitution : Article 6

Article VI: Legislative Department

Legislative power- the power to make, alter, and repeal laws.

Laws being describe is the “Statutory Laws”

Functions of Law
1.       Defines the right and duties of the citizens
2.       Imposes taxes
3.       Appropriate funds
4.       Defines crimes and provides their punishment
5.       Creates and abolishes Government Offices

Legislative branches
1.       House of Senate- composes of senators
2.       House of Representative- composes of different congressman


The Legislative body in the Philippines is in Bicameralism form.

Powers of the Congress
1.       General Legislative Power- enact laws
2.       Specific Powers
a.       Choose who will be the President in case of the temporary disabilities/death of the incumbent President.
b.      Confirms appointments made by the President through the Congress’ Commission on Appointments.
c.       Promotes social Justice
d.      Imposes Taxes
e.      Impeach a high position government Official
f.        Act as constituent Assembly in case of any changes being made in the constitution
3.       Implied Power- power needed to enact a law
4.       Inherent Power
a.       Eminent Domain- acquiring any private property to be used for the use of the Public.
b.      Power of Taxation- creating laws regarding taxation
c.       Police Power- enacting law through the help of the Police Force


Principle of Checks and Balances Implied on Legislative
1.       Legislative is being check by the Executive Branch through checking the Laws made by the Congress. Any bill without the signature of the President is void. The President can disapprove the bill being submitted.
2.       President’s veto (disapproval of a bill) can be removed by a voting of the House of Representative. There must be at least 2/3 vote of the total Representative must be gathered to override the veto.
3.       Laws created by the Congress also is being confirmed by the Judiciary by check it if it does not violate the constitution.

The House of Senate
-          There are 24 senators. They have a 6 years term. The senate is being alternately being elected, meaning every election only 12 senator sits are vacant while the remaining 12 is still in the position.
Qualification of a Senator
a.       Natural Born Citizen of the Philippines
b.      At least 35 Years of Age
c.       Able to read and write
d.      Must be A registered voter.
-          Two consecutive term is not allowed

House of Representative
-          There are 250 Representatives/congressmen.
-          Composes of Different provincial representative and different party list.
-          They have 3 years term.

Qualification of a Congressman
a.       Natural Born Citizen of the Philippines
b.      At least 25 years of Age
c.       Able to read and write
-          3 consecutive term is not allowed

Party List
-          It is the 20% of the number of congressmen.
-          Representative of different sectors such as the teens, woman, athletes.

Kind of Election for the Members of the Congress
1.       Regular Election
2.       Special Election- happens only if there is vacancy is the congress.

Stages of Legislative Enactment/ Passage of a Bill
1.       First Reading- the bill is only being read by its title and number together with the name/s f the author/s.
2.       Referral to the appropriate committee- it will be referred to the appropriate committee for study and consideration. Revision may be made depending on the public hearing results to be conducted by the certain committee.
3.       Second Reading- the bill is being read in its entirely together with the amendments proposed by the committee.
4.       Debates- authors are given time to deliver his speech to convince his colleagues and to make his co-legislators be in favor of the authors bill which is needed in the voting of the approval of the bill.
5.       Printing and Distribution- after all the proposed amendments has been presented during the debate, the bill shall be in its final forms and copies of its would be distributed among the members of the House where it originated three days before its passage
6.       Third Reading- the voting of the approval of the bill.
7.       Referral to the other house- after the approval from the other house, it must be submitted to the other house. The bill will undergo Step 1-6.
8.       Submission to a Joint Bicameral Committee- if in case the decision of the Houses contradict, the respective committees in both housed shall have a joint bicameral meeting to compromise their stance in order to have consensual positions.
9.       Submission to the President

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Summary of Philippine Constitution : Article 4

ARTICLE IV: CITIZENSHIP

Citizen- is a member of a political community. He owes allegiance to the state. Example a Filipino who lives in Philippines is a Filipino Citizen.

National- is not a part of a political community. He owes allegiance to the State. Example a Filipino who lives in Dubai is a Filipino National.

The Principles in Acquiring Citizenship
1.       Jus Sanguinis- a principle which talks about the parents of a child. If the parent/s of a child is a Filipino he is considered as Filipino. This principle is being practiced in Philippines.
2.       Jus Soli/Loci- a principle which tends to determine a child’s citizenship by referring to child’s birth place. Example in America, when a Filipino got a child in America, his child is considered to be an American Citizen. This is not being practiced in the Philippines.


Acquiring Citizenship
1.       Involuntary (Natural born Citizen)- citizenship by birth
2.       Voluntary (Naturalized Citizen)- citizenship by applying (Naturalization). Example an Arab wants to be a Filipino Citizen, he can apply for it if also he met the requirements in Naturalization Process.


Citizens of the Philippines according to Article IV Section I

1.       Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution.
-          People who are present in the Philippines during the adoption of the constitution is a Filipino Citizen.

2.       Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines.
-          Child who’s parent is a Filipino is considered as Filipino. This is based on the Jus Sanguinis Principle.

3.       Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority.
-          To clean up the mess of the 1935 Constitution which say that if a Filipina married a Foreigner her child is not a Filipino, this sub paragraph was made. This state that anyone born before January 17, 1973 of Filipino mother is a Filipino.

4.       Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
-          This Naturalization process can be given by Judicial, Administrative Process or by the Act of the Congress thru Republic Act.


A Naturalized Citizen of the Philippines has its limit. Limit in term of running in a Political Positions and in applying Jobs. This is due to the fact that a Naturalized Citizen might not have its loyalty to the Philippines. He might have been a spy and might betray Philippines. Whereas the Natural born Filipino enjoys all the privileges.

In the Philippine constitution, having a dual Citizenship is allowed but having a dual allegiance of citizenship is prohibited for a fact that he might betray the Philippines.

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Summary of Philippine Constitution : Article 3

Article III: Bill of Rights

Bill of Rights- declaration and enumeration of the individual rights and privileges which the constitution had designed to protect against violation of the Government or by individual or group of individuals.

Classes of Right
1.    Natural Rights- right of each individual without being granted by the state.
2.    Constitutional Rights- rights that are being stated in the Constitution.
3.    Statutory Rights- rights that are being given by a certain statute.

Classification of the Constitutional Rights
1.    Political Rights- power to participate.
2.    Civil Rights- right of someone to enjoy their means of happiness
3.    Social and Economic Rights- security of their well-being and economic security of each individual.
4.    Rights of the Accused- right being made intended to those being accused.

Some of the Rights Stated in Article III
1.    Right of life- right to choose freely.
2.    Right to own a property- it is the right of an individual to own a property without any threat being
        faced. The government should not confiscate anything that an individual owns without the due
        process of law.

Eminent Domain- it is the power of the government to acquire any private property provided that the acquiring of the property is intended for the use of the Public and there is a due process of law that had undergo between the Government and Private property owner.

3.    Right of Liberty- it is the right of an individual to go anywhere he likes.
4.    Right to be secured from any unreasonable searches and seizures- it is the right of an individual to be safeguarded from any searches and seizures being made in his house, documents and property without a search warrant or a warrant of arrest.

Warrant of Arrest- an order in writing signed by a judge stating that a person should be arrested.
Search Warrant- an order in writing signed by a judge stating for a search for a something.

5.    Right of Privacy- it is the right to be left alone.
6.    Right of Speech and expression of ideas- individual right which is to be used to express emotion, ideas about a certain issue or anything provided that there is no violation of anyone’s right and does not put in danger the Government.

7.    Right to choose freely a Religion-There is a clear separation of the Government and the church. So it is given that any individual has the right to choose his religion and follow it’s practices without the violation of the law.

8.    Right to form a Union, Association or Societies.
9.    Right to Assembly
10.    Right to Petition

Some of the Rights given to the accused
11.    Right to have a free access to the courts and to have an adequate legal assistance.
12.    Right to remain silent
13.    Right against the use of force, torture, violence, threat, intimidation and any other means which vitiates the free will.

14.    Right to undergo the process of law in times of any criminal offense.
15.    Right to have a Speedy Trial
16.    Right to confrontation of the witness
17.    Right against self-incrimination
18.    Right against illegal detention by reason of Political beliefs and aspirations
19.    Right against excessive fines- a fine given to a person should be based on the two categories.
20.    Right against double jeopardy.

The Principle of the Poisonous Tree
-it is the principle which states that any evidence acquired illegally will not be used in any trial proceedings. It is due to the fact that in the acquiring of those illegal evidences had undergo a violation of the law in which is not allowable by the constitution.
In any right vested by the constitution, there should be an observation of the law. Any violation of the law in the exercising of those rights is to be considered as a crime.

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Summary of Philippine Constitution : Article 2

ARTICLE II: DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES

Republican Government- democratic government by representation chosen by the people at large.

Philippines Government- is a republican democracy, which features the characteristics of a democracy such as initiative and referendum. It adapts international law.

Manifestation of a Democratic and Republican State
1.       The Existence of a Bill of Rights
2.       The observance of the Rule of the Majority
3.       The observance of the principle that ours is a government of Laws and not of men.
4.       The presence of election through popular will
5.       The Observance of the principle of separation of powers and the system of checks and balances
6.       The observance of the principle that the legislation cannot pass irrepealable laws
7.       The observance of the law on Public officers
8.       The observance of the principle that a state cannot be sued without its consent.

Sovereignty of the people
1.       Exercised indirectly through public officials- people choose who will represent them.
2.       Exercised directly through suffrage- by voting/choosing who will sit in a certain position in the government (election).

Adoption of the International Law as part of the Philippine Law
1.       When international usage to be applied- when absence of a treaty between two country, International Law must be used to judge the certain case.
2.       A treaty has the force of a statute
3.       Constitution prevails over a treaty- when a certain treaty violates the constitution, it is considered to be null and void.

Existence of war- may be declared only by the congress. At least two-thirds vote of the representatives is needed in both houses. Philippine Government may only declare a “defensive war.”

Military and Civil Service by the People
1.       Defense of the State performed through an army- people are required to defend the state against any possible invasion.
2.       Compulsory
3.       Civil Service
4.       Personal- must be done personally
5.       By law

Principle of Separation of Church and state- states that the religion and state must be separated. Meaning the government cannot give any budget to build or to support a religion.

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